Journal of Hand Surgery
Volume 24, Issue 3 , Pages 435-448 , May 1999

Therapeutic modalities in hand surgery

Received 24 April 1998 ,Revised 14 January 1999 ,Accepted 14 January 1999.

References 

  1. Lehmann JF, Delateur BJ. Therapeutic heat. In: 3rd ed. Thera-peutic heat and cold. Baltimore: : Williams & Wilkins; 1982;p. 404–562
  2. Lehmann JF, Masock AJ, Warren CG, Koblanski JN. Effect of therapeutic temperatures on tendon extensibility. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1970;51:481–487
  3. Lehmann JF, Warren CG, Scham SM. Therapeutic heat and cold. Clin Orthop. 1974;99:207–245
  4. Wright V, Johns RJ. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of joint stiffness in normal subjects and in patients with connective tissue diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 1961;20:36–45
  5. Harris R. Physical methods in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Med Clin North Am. 1968;52:707–716
  6. Oosterveld FGJ, Rasker JJ. Treating arthritis with locally applied heat or cold. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1994;24:82–90
  7. Lehmann JF, Brunner GD, Stow RW. Pain threshold measurements after therapeutic application of ultrasound, microwaves and infrared. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1958;39:560–565
  8. Portwood MM, Lieberman JS, Taylor RG. Ultrasound treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987;68:116–118
  9. Eldred E, Lindsley DF, Buchwald JS. The effect of cooling on mammalian muscle spindles. Exp Neurol. 1960;2:144–157
  10. Mense S. Effects of temperature on the discharges of muscle spindles and tendon organs. Pflugers Arch. 1978;374:159–166
  11. Abramson DI, Burnett C, Bell Y, Tuck S, Rejal H, Fleischer CJ. Changes in blood flow, oxygen uptake and tissue temperatures produced by therapeutic physical agents; I. effect of ultrasound. Am J Phys Med. 1960;39:51–62
  12. Abramson DI, Chu LSW, Tuck S, Lee SW, Richardson G, Levin M. Effect of tissue temperatures and blood flow on motor nerve conduction velocity. JAMA. 1966;198:156–162
  13. Borrell RM, Parker R, Henley EJ, Masley D, Repinecz M. Comparison of in vivo temperatures produced by hydro-therapy, paraffin wax treatment, and fluidotherapy. Phys Ther. 1980;60:1273–1276
  14. Abramson DI, Tuck S, Chu LSO, Agustin C. Effect of paraffin bath and hot fomentations on local tissue temperatures. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1964;45:87–94
  15. Lehmann JF, Silverman DR, Baum BA, Kirk NL, Johnston VC. Temperature distributions in human thigh, produced by infrared, hot pack and microwave applications. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1966;47:291–299
  16. Diller KR. Analysis of burns caused by long-term exposure to a heating pad. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1991;12:214–217
  17. Stewart HF, Harris GR, Herman BA, et al.  Survey of use and performance of ultrasonic therapy equipment in Pinellas County, Florida. Phys Ther. 1974;54:707–714
  18. Pye SD, Milford C. The performance of ultrasound physiotherapy machines in Lothian Region, Scotland, 1992. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1994;20:347–359
  19. Allen KGR, Battye CK. Performance of ultrasonic therapy instruments. Physiotherapy. 1978;64:174–179
  20. Warren CG, Koblanski JN, Sigelmann RA. Ultrasound coupling media: their relative transmissivity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1976;57:218–222
  21. Balmaseda MT, Fatehi MT, Koozekanani SH, Lee AL. Ultrasound therapy: a comparative study of different coupling media. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67:147–152
  22. Goldman DE, Heuter TF. Tabular data of the velocity and absorption of high-frequency sound in mammalian tissues. J Acoust Soc Am. 1956;28:35–37
  23. Lehmann JF, DeLateur BJ, Stonebridge JB, Warren CG. Therapeutic temperature distribution produced by ultrasound as modified by dosage and volume of tissue exposed. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1967;48:662–666
  24. Ward AR, Robertson VJ. Comparison of heating of non-living tissue produced by 45 kHz and 1 MHz frequency ultrasound machines. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1996;23:258–266
  25. Lehmann JF, DeLateur BJ, Warren CG, Stonebridge JB. Heating of joint structures by ultrasound. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1968;49:28–30
  26. Horvath SM, Hollander JL. Intra-articular temperature as a measure of joint reaction. J Clin Invest. 1949;28:469–473
  27. Chan AK, Sigelmann RA, Guy AW. Calculations of therapeutic heat generated by ultrasound in fat-muscle-bone layers. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1973;21:280–284
  28. MacIntosh IJC, Davey DA. Relationship between intensity of ultrasound and induction of chromosome aberrations. Br J Radiol. 1972;45:320–327
  29. Coakley WT. Biophysical effects of ultrasound at therapeutic intensities. Physiotherapy. 1978;64:166–169
  30. Dyson M. Non-thermal cellular effects of ultrasound. Br J Cancer. 1982;45:165–171
  31. Flint EB, Suslick KS. The temperature of cavitation. Science. 1991;253:1397–1399
  32. Reed B, Ashikaga T. The effects of heating with ultrasound in knee joint displacement. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1997;26:131–137
  33. Bromley J, Unsworth A, Haslock I. Changes in stiffness following short- and long-term application of standard physiotherapeutic techniques. Br J Rheumatol. 1994;33:555–561
  34. Falconer J, Hayes KW, Chang RW. Therapeutic ultrasound in the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions. Arthritis Care Res. 1990;3:85–91
  35. Young RR, Henneman E. Functional effects of focused ultrasound on mammalian nerves. Science. 1961;134:1521–1522
  36. Young RR, Henneman E. Reversible block of nerve conduction by ultrasound: ultrasonic blocking of nerve fibers. Arch Neurol. 1961;4:83–89
  37. Zankel HT. Effect of physical agents on motor conduction velocity of ulnar nerves. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1966;47:787–792
  38. Hong C-Z, Liu HH, Yu J. Ultrasound thermotherapy effect on the recovery of nerve conduction in experimental compression neuropathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69:410–414
  39. Sicard-Rosenblaum L, Lord D, Danoff JV, Thom AK, Eckhaus MA. Effects of continuous therapeutic ultrasound on growth and metastasis of subcutaneous murine tumors. Phys Ther. 1995;75:3–13
  40. Brunner GD, Lehmann JF, McMillan JA, et al.  Can ultrasound be used in the presence of surgical metal implants: an experimental approach. Phys Ther. 1958;38:823–824
  41. Gersten JW. Effect of metallic objects on temperature rises produced in tissue by ultrasound. Am J Phys Med. 1958;37:75–82
  42. Skoubo-Kristensen E, Sommer J. Ultrasound influence on internal fixation with a rigid plate in dogs. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1982;63:371–373
  43. Kristiansen TK, Ryaby JP, McCabe J, Frey JJ, Roe LR. Accelerated healing of distal radial fractures with the use of specific, low-intensity ultrasound. A multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Bone Joint Surg. 1997;79A:961–973
  44. Gan BS, Huys S, Sherebin MH, Scilley CG. The effects of ultrasound treatment on flexor tendon healing in the chicken limb. J Hand Surg. 1995;20B:809–814
  45. Falconer J, Hayes KW, Chang RW. Effect of ultrasound on mobility in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis Care Res. 1992;5:29–35
  46. van der Heijden GJMG, van der Windt DAWM, de Winter AF. Physiotherapy for patients with soft tissue shoulder disorders: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 1997;315:25–30
  47. Gam AN, Johannsen F. Ultrasound therapy in musculo-skeletal disorders: a meta-analysis. Pain. 1995;63:85–91
  48. Nykanen M. Pulsed ultrasound treatment of the painful shoulder: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1995;27:105–108
  49. Anderson TP, Wakim KG, Herrick JE, Bennett JE, Krusen FH. An experimental study of the effects of ultrasonic energy on the lower part of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1951;32:71–83
  50. Hollander JL, Brown EM, Jessar RA, Brown CY. Hydro-cortisone and cortisone injected into arthritic joints. JAMA. 1951;147:1629–1630
  51. Aldes JH, Jackson WJ. Ultrasonic therapy in the treatment of hypertrophic arthritis in elderly patients. Ann West Med Surg. 1952;6:545–550
  52. Fellinger K, Schmid J. Klinik und therapie des chronischen gelenkrheumatismus. In: Vienna: Austria, Maudrich; 1954;p. 549–552
  53. Byl NN. The use of ultrasound as an enhancer for transcutaneous drug delivery: phonophoresis. Phys Ther. 1995;75:539–553
  54. Bommannan D, Okuyama H, Stauffer P, Guy RH. Sonophoresis I: the use of high frequency ultrasound to enhance transdermal drug delivery. Pharm Res. 1992;9:559–564
  55. Bommannan D, Menon GK, Okuyama H, Elias PM, Guy RH. Sonophoresis. II. Examination of the mechanism(s) of ultrasound-enhanced transdermal drug delivery. Pharm Res. 1992;9:1043–1047
  56. Menon GK, Bommannan DB, Elias PM. High-frequency sonophoresis: permeation pathways and structural basis for enhanced permeability. Skin Pharmacol. 1994;7:130–139
  57. Mitragotri S, Blankschtein D, Langer R. Ultrasound-mediated transdermal protein delivery. Science. 1995;269:850–853
  58. Tachibana K. Transdermal delivery of insulin to alloxan-diabetic rabbits by ultrasound exposure. Pharm Res. 1992;9:952–954
  59. Levy D, Kost J, Meshulam Y, Langer R. Effect of ultrasound on transdermal drug delivery to rats and guinea pigs. J Clin Invest. 1989;83:2074–2078
  60. Brucks R, Navavaty M, Jung D, Siegel F. The effect of ultrasound on in vitro penetration of ibuprofen through human epidermis. Pharm Res. 1989;6:697–701
  61. Tachibana K, Tachibana S. Transdermal delivery of insulin by ultrasonic vibration. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1991;43:270–271
  62. Tachibana K, Tachibana S. Usage of ultrasonic vibration as a new transdermal insulin delivery system. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1988;1–5(suppl):S166
  63. Griffin JE, Touchstone JC. Low intensity phonophoresis of cortisol in swine. Phys Ther. 1968;48:1336–1344
  64. Griffin JE, Touchstone JC. Ultrasonic movement of cortisol into pig tissues. I: movement into skeletal muscle. Am J Phys Med. 1963;42:77–85
  65. Griffin JE, Touchstone JC, Liu ACY. Ultrasonic movement of cortisol into pig tissues. II: movement into paravertebral nerve. Am J Phys Med. 1965;44:20–25
  66. Kleinkort JA, Wood JP. Phonophoresis with 1% versus 10% hydrocortisone. Phys Ther. 1975;55:1320–1324
  67. Smith W, Winn F, Parette R. Comparative study using four modalities in shin splints treatments. J Orthop Sports Phys Med. 1986;8:77–80
  68. Franklin ME, Smith ST, Chenier TC, Franklin RC. Effect of phonophoresis with dexamethasone on adrenal function. J Orthop Sports Phys Med. 1995;22:103–107
  69. Bare AC, Christie DS, McAnaw MB, et al.  Phonophoretic delivery of 10% hydrocortisone through the epidermis of humans as determined by serum cortisol concentrations. Phys Ther. 1996;76:738–749
  70. Oziomek RS, Perrin DH, Herold DA, Denegar CR. Effect of phonophoresis on serum salicylate levels. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23:397–401
  71. Byl NN, McKenzie A, Halliday B, Wong T, O'Connell J. The effects of phonophoresis with corticosteriods: a controlled pilot study. J Orthop Sports Phys Med. 1993;18:590–600
  72. Chadwick J, Mann WN. Aphorisms. In:  Lloyd GER editors. Hippocratic writings. Singapore: Penguin Books; 1983;p. 223–224
  73. McMaster WC, Liddle S, Waugh TR. The laboratory evaluation of various cold therapy modalities. Am J Sports Med. 1978;6:291–294
  74. Lehmann FJ, Delateur BJ. Cryotherapy. In: 3rd ed.  Lehmann FJ,  Delatear BJ editor. Therapeutic heat and cold. Baltimore: : Williams & Wilkins; 1982;p. 563–602
  75. Chatfield PO. Hypothermia and its effects on the sensory and peripheral motor systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1959;80:445–448
  76. Clarke RSJ, Hellon RF, Lind AR. The duration of sustained contractions of the human forearm at different muscle temperatures. J Physiol. 1958;143:454–473
  77. Harburn KL, Potter PJ. Spasticity and contractures. Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;7:113–132
  78. Knutsson E, Mattsson E. Effects of local cooling on monosynaptic reflexes in man. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1969;1:126–132
  79. Bell KR, Lehmann JF. Effect of cooling on H- and T-reflexes in normal subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987;68:490–493
  80. Hartviksen K. Ice therapy in spasticity. Acta Neurol Scand. 1962;38(suppl 3):79–84
  81. Miglietta O. Action of cold on spasticity. Am J Phys Med. 1973;52:198–205
  82. Lakie R, Walsh EG, Wright GW. Control and postural thixotropy of the forearm muscles: changes caused by cold. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986;49:69–76
  83. Price R, Lehmann JF. Influence of muscle cooling on the viscoelastic response of the human ankle to sinusoidal displacements. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71:745–748
  84. Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965;150:171–179
  85. Douglas WW, Malcolm JL. The effect of localized cooling on conduction in cat nerves. J Physiol. 1955;130:53–71
  86. Meeusen R, Lievens P. The use of cryotherapy in sports injuries. Sports Med. 1986;3:398–414
  87. Guyton AC. Body temperature, temperature regulation and fever. In: 8th ed.  Guyton AC editors. Textbook of medical physiology. Philadelphia: : WB Saunders; 1991;p. 797–808
  88. Perkins JF, Li M, Nicholas CH, et al.  Cooling as a stimulus to smooth muscles. Am J Physiol. 1950;163:14–26
  89. Lewis T. Observation upon the reactions of the vessels of the human skin to cold. Heart. 1930;15:177–208
  90. Clarke RS, Hellon RF, Lind AR. Vascular reactions of the human forearm to cold. Clin Sci. 1958;17:165–179
  91. Folkow B, Fox RH, Krog J, Adelram H, Thoren O. Studies on the reactions of the cutaneous vessels to cold exposure. Acta Physiol Scand. 1963;58:342–354
  92. Denys EH. AAEM minimonograph no. 14: the influence of temperature in clinical neurophysiology. Muscle Nerve. 1991;14:795–811
  93. Nukada H, Pollock M, Allpress S. Experimental cold injury to peripheral nerve. Brain. 1981;104:779–811
  94. Kimura J. Principles of nerve conduction studies. In: 2nd ed.  Kimura J editors. Electrodiagnosis in diseases of nerve and muscle: principles and practice. Philadelphia: : FA Davis; 1989;p. 94–98
  95. Dumitru D. Nerve conduction studies. In:  Dumitru D editors. Electrodiagnostic medicine. Philadelphia: : Hanley & Belfus; 1994;p. 140–143
  96. Tashjian EA, Ellenberg MR, Gross N, Chodoroff G, Honet JC. Temperature effect on antidromic and ortho-dromic sensory nerve action potential latency and amplitude. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987;68:549–552
  97. Johnson EW, Olsen KJ. Clinical value of motor nerve conduction velocity determination. JAMA. 1960;172:2030–2035
  98. DeJong PH, Hershey WN, Wagman IH. Nerve conduction velocity during hypothermia in man. Anesthesiology. 1966;27:805–810
  99. Bocobo C, Fat A, Kingery W, Kaplan M. The effect of ice on intra-articular temperature in the knee of the dog. Am J Phys Med. 1991;70:181–185
  100. Lowdon BJ, Moore RJ. Determinants and nature of intra-muscular temperature changes during cold therapy. Am J Phys Med. 1975;54:223–233
  101. Waylonis GW. The physiologic effects of ice massage. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1967;48:37–42
  102. Schaubel HJ. The local use of ice after orthopedic procedures. Am J Surg. 1946;72:711–714
  103. Riordan DC. Postoperative care of hand injuries. Clin Orthop. 1966;38:45–47
  104. Matsen FA, Questad K, Matsen AL. The effect of local cooling on postfracture swelling: a controlled study. Clin Orthop. 1975;109:201–206
  105. Drez D, Faust DC, Evans JP. Cryotherapy and nerve palsy. Am J Sports Med. 1981;9:256–257
  106. Moeller JL, Monroe J, McKeag DB. Cryotherapy-induced common peroneal palsy. Clin J Sports Med. 1997;7:212–216
  107. Juhlin L, Shelley WB. Role of mast cell and basophil in cold urticaria with associated systemic reactions. JAMA. 1961;117:371–377
  108. Ritzmann SE, Levin WC. Cryopathies: a review. Arch Intern Med. 1961;107:186–204
  109. Speer KP, Warren RF, Horowitz L. The efficacy of cryotherapy in the postoperative shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1996;5:62–68
  110. Licht S. History of electrotherapy. In: 3rd ed.  Stillwell GK editors. Therapeutic electricity and ultraviolet radiation. Baltimore: : Williams & Wilkins; 1993;p. 1–64
  111. Kellaway P. The William Osler medal essay: the part played by electric fish in the early history of bioelectricity and electrotherapy. Bull Hist Med. 1946;20:112–137
  112. Patterson RP. Instrumentation for electrotherapy. In: 3rd ed.  Stillwell GK editors. Therapeutic electricity and ultraviolet radiation. Baltimore: : Williams & Wilkins; 1993;p. 65–108
  113. Standard for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators (proposed). Arlington, VA: Association of the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation.
  114. Han JS, Chen XY, Sun SL, et al.  The effect of low- and high-frequency TENS on met-enkephalin-arg-phe and dynorphin A immunoreactivity in human lumbar CSF. Pain. 1991;47:295–298
  115. Bushnell MC, Marchand F, Tremblay N. Electrical stimulation of peripheral and central pathways for the relief of musculoskeletal pain. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1991;69:697–703
  116. Cheng RSF, Pomeranz B. Electroacupuncture analgesia could be mediated by at least two pain relieving mechanisms: endorphin and non-endorphin systems. Life Sci. 1979;25:1957–1962
  117. Clement–Jones V, McLoughlin L, Tomlin S, Besser GM, Rees LH, Wen HL. Increased beta–endorphin but not met-enkephalin levels in human cerebrospinal fluid after acupuncture for recurrent pain. Lancet. 1980;2:946–948
  118. Ignelzi RJ, Nyquist JK. Direct effect of electrical stimulation on peripheral nerve evoked activity: implications in pain relief. J Neurosurg. 1976;45:159–165
  119. Ignelzi RJ, Nyquist JK. Excitability changes in peripheral nerve fibers after repetitive electrical stimulation: implications in pain modulation. J Neurosurg. 1979;51:824–833
  120. Janko M, Trontelj J. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: a microneurographic and perceptual study. Pain. 1980;9:219–230
  121. Chen D, Philip M, Philip PA, Monga TN. Cardiac pace-maker inhibition by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71:27–30
  122. Thorsteinsson G. Electrical stimulation for analgesia. In: 3rd ed.  Stillwell GK editors. Electricity and ultraviolet radiation. Baltimore: : Williams & Wilkins; 1993;p. 109–123
  123. Long DM, Campbell JN, Gucer G. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation for relief of chronic pain. Adv Pain Res Ther. 1979;3:593–594
  124. Thorsteinsson G, Stonnington HH, Stillwell GK, Elveback LR. The placebo effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Pain. 1978;5:31–41
  125. Eberstein A, Eberstein S. Electrical stimulation of denervated muscle: is it worthwhile?. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28:1463–1469
  126. Wysiw WJ, Jackson RD. Electrical stimulation. In:  Braddom RL editors. Physical medicine and rehabilitation. Philadelphia: : WB Saunders; 1996;p. 464–491
  127. Michlovitz S. Ice and high voltage pulsed stimulation in treatment of acute lateral ankle sprains. J Orthop Sports Phys Med. 1988;9:301–304
  128. Reed B. Effect of high voltage pulsed electrical stimulation on microvascular permeability to plasma proteins: a possible mechanism in minimizing edema. Phys Ther. 1988;68:491–495
  129. Andrews JM. Neuromuscular re-education of the hemiplegic with the aid of the electromyograph. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1964;45:530–532
  130. Bowman BR, Baker LL, Waters RL. Positional feedback and electrical stimulation: an automated treatment for the hemiplegic wrist. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1979;60:497–501
  131. Winchester P, Montgomery J, Bowman B, Hislop H. Effects of feedback stimulation training and cyclical electrical stimulation on knee extension in hemiparetic patients. Phys Ther. 1983;63:1096–1103
  132. Jacobsen E. Progressive Relaxation. 2nd ed. Chicago: : University of Chicago Press; 1938;
  133. Price JP, Clare MH, Everhardt FH. Studies in low backache with persistent muscle spasm. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1948;29:703–705
  134. Jones AL, Wolf SL. Treating chronic low back pain: EMG biofeedback training during movement. Phys Ther. 1980;60:58–63
  135. Snyder-Mackler L, Delitto A, Bailey S, Stralka S. Strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle and functional recovery after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. A prospective, randomized clinical trial of electrical stimulation. J Bone J Surg. 1995;77:1166–1173
  136. Ericksson E, Haggmark T. Comparison of isometric muscle training and electrical stimulation supplement: isometric muscle training in the recovery after major knee ligament surgery. Am J Sports Med. 1979;7:169–171
  137. Currier DP, Lehman J, Lightfoot P. Electrical stimulation in exercise of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Phys Ther. 1979;59:1508–1512
  138. Currier DP, Mann R. Muscular strength development by electrical stimulation in healthy individuals. Phys Ther. 1983;63:915–921
  139. Snyder-Mackler L, Garrett M, Roberts M. A comparison of torque generating capabilities of three different electrical stimulating currents. J Orthop Sports Phys Med. 1989;10:297–301
  140. Odia S, Vocks E, Rakoski J, Ring J. Successful treatment of dyshidrotic hand eczema using tap water iontophoresis with pulsed direct current. Acta Derm Venereol. 1996;76:472–474
  141. Howard JP, Drake TR, Kellogg DL. Effects of alternating current iontophoresis on drug delivery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76:463–466
  142. Schwartz MS. The use of hyaluronidase by iontophoresis in the treatment of lymphedema. Arch Intern Med. 1955;95:662–668
  143. Cornwall MW. Zinc iontophoresis to treat ischemic skin ulcers. Phys Ther. 1981;61:359–360
  144. Gangarosa LP, Payne LJ, Hayakawa K, McDaniel WJ, Davis RE, Thompson BM. Iontophoretic treatment of herpetic Whitlow. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;70:336–340
  145. Abell E, Morgan K. The treatment of idiopathic hyperhidrosis by glycopyrronium bromide of tap water iontophoresis. Br J Dermatol. 1974;91:87–90
  146. Chantraine A, Ludy JP, Berger D. Is cortisone iontophoresis possible?. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67:38–40
  147. Ashburn MA, Streisand J, Zhang J, et al.  The iontophoresis of fentanyl citrate in humans. Anesthesiology. 1995;82:1146–1153
  148. O'Malley EP, Oester YT. Influence of some physical chemical factors on iontophoresis using radio-isotopes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1955;36:310–316
  149. Saliba E, Foreman S. Low power lasers. In: 3rd ed.  Prentice WE editors. Therapeutic modalities for allied health professionals. St Louis: : McGraw-Hill; 1998;p. 313–336
  150. Mester E, Spiry T, Szende B, Tota JG. Effect of laser rays on wound healing. Am J Surg. 1971;122:532–535
  151. Karu TI. Photobiological fundamentals of low-power laser therapy. IEEE J Quant Electr. 1987;23:1703–1704
  152. Karu TI. Molecular mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of low-intensity laser radiation. Lasers Life Sci. 1988;2:53–74
  153. Mester E, Mester A, Mester A. Biomedical effects of laser application. Laser Surg Med. 1985;5D:31–39
  154. Gogia PP, Hurt BS, Zirn TT. Wound management with whirlpool and infrared cold laser treatment: a clinical report. Phys Ther. 1988;68:1239–1242
  155. Basford JR, Malanga GA, Krause DA, Harmsen WS. A randomized controlled evaluation of low-intensity laser therapy: plantar fasciitis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79:249–254
  156. Basford JR, Sheffield CG, Mair SD, Ilstrup DM. Low-energy helium neon laser treatment of thumb osteoarthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987;68:794–797
  157. Haker EHK, Lundeberg TCM. Lateral epicondylalgia: report of noneffective midlaser treatment. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72:984–988
  158. Klein RG, Eek BC. Low-energy laser treatment and exercise for chronic low back pain: double-blind controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71:34–37
  159. Hansen KM. Some observations with view to possible influence of magnetism upon the human organism. Acta Med Scand. 1938;97:339–364
  160. Hong C-Z, Harmon D, Yu J. Static magnetic field influence on rat tail nerve function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67:746–749
  161. Hong C-Z. Static magnetic field influence on human nerve function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987;68:162–164
  162. In:  Carpenter DO,  Ayrapetyan S editor. Biological effects of electric and magnetic fields. Vol 2. Beneficial and harmful effects. San Diego: : Academic Press; 1994;
  163. Hong C-Z, Lin JC, Bender LF, Schaeffer JN, Meltzer RJ, Causin P. Magnetic necklace: its therapeutic effectiveness on neck and shoulder pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1982;63:462–466
  164. Vallbona C, Hazlewood CF, Jurida G. Response of pain to static magnetic fields in postpolio patients: a double-blind pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:1200–1203
  165. Trock DH, Bollet AJ, Markoll R. The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and cervical spine. Report of randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trials. J Rheumatol. 1994;21:1903–1911
  166. Leclaire R, Bourgouin J. Electromagnetic treatment of shoulder periarthritis: a randomized controlled trial of efficiency and tolerance of magnetotherapy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72:284–287

☆ Reprint requests: John H. Bissell, MD, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St Mary Corwin Medical Center, 1008 Minnequa Ave, Pueblo, CO 81004.

☆☆ No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article.

★ J Hand Surg 1999;24A:435–448.

★★ 0363-5023/99/24A03-0020$3.00/0

PII: S0363-5023(99)87325-0

doi: 10.1053/jhsu.1999.0435

Journal of Hand Surgery
Volume 24, Issue 3 , Pages 435-448 , May 1999

Article Tools