Journal of Hand Surgery
Volume 35, Issue 3 , Pages 491-497 , March 2010

Treatment of Acute Peripheral Nerve Injuries: Current Concepts

  • Jonathan Isaacs, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author: Jonathan Isaacs, MD, P.O. Box 980153, 1200 East Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23298

Received 30 November 2009 ,Accepted 6 December 2009.

References 

  1. Zachary LS, Dellon AL. Progression of the zone of injury in experimental nerve injuries. Microsurgery. 1987;8:182–185
  2. Ring D, Chin K, Jupiter JB. Radial nerve palsy associated with high-energy humeral shaft fractures. J Hand Surg. 2004;29A:144–147
  3. Fu SY, Gordon T. Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged denervation. J Neurosci. 1995;15:3886–3895
  4. Fu SY, Gordon T. Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged axotomy. J Neurosci. 1995;15:3876–3885
  5. Spinner RJ, Kline DG. Surgery for peripheral nerve and brachial plexus injuries or other nerve lesions. Muscle Nerve. 2000;23:680–695
  6. Dahlin LB. Techniques of peripheral nerve repair. Scand J Surg. 2008;97:310–316
  7. Ma J, Novikov LN, Kellerth JO, Wiberg M. Early nerve repair after injury to the postganglionic plexus: an experimental study of sensory and motor neuronal survival in adult rats. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2003;37:1–9
  8. Lundborg G, Rosen B. Hand function after nerve repair. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2007;189:207–217
  9. Brushart TM, Gerber J, Kessens P, Chen YG, Royall RM. Contributions of pathway and neuron to preferential motor reinnervation. J Neurosci. 1998;18:8674–8681
  10. Robinson GA, Madison RD. Manipulations of the mouse femoral nerve influence the accuracy of pathway reinnervation by motor neurons. Exp Neurol. 2005;192:39–45
  11. Evans PJ, Bain JR, Mackinnon SE, Makino AP, Hunter DA. Selective reinnervation: a comparison of recovery following microsuture and conduit nerve repair. Brain Res. 1991;559:315–321
  12. Al-Qattan MM. Refinements in the technique of ‘awake’ electrical nerve stimulation in the management of chronic low ulnar nerve injuries. Injury. 2004;35:1110–1115
  13. He YS, Zhong SZ. Acetylcholinesterase: a histochemical identification of motor and sensory fascicles in human peripheral nerve and its use during operation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;82:125–132
  14. Gual JS. Electrical fascicle identification as an adjunct to nerve repair. J Hand Surg. 1983;8:289–296
  15. Edshage S. Peripheral nerve suture (A technique for improved intraneural topography. Evaluation of some suture materials). Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1964;15(Suppl 331):1
  16. Lundborg G. A 25-year perspective of peripheral nerve surgery: evolving neuroscientific concepts and clinical significance. J Hand Surg. 2000;25A:391–414
  17. Palazzi S, Vila-Torres J, Lorenzo JC. Fibrin glue is a sealant and not a nerve barrier. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1995;11:135–139
  18. Cruz NI, Debs N, Fiol RE. Evaluation of fibrin glue in rat sciatic nerve repairs. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;78:369–373
  19. Isaacs JE, McDaniel CO, Owen JR, Wayne JS. Comparative analysis of biomechanical performance of available “nerve glues.”. J Hand Surg. 2008;33A:893–899
  20. Ornelas L, Padilla L, Di Silvio M, Schalch P, Esperante S, Infante PL, et al. Fibrin glue: an alternative technique for nerve coaptation—part I (Wave amplitude, conduction velocity, and plantar-length factors). J Reconstr Microsurg. 2006;22:119–122
  21. Ornelas L, Padilla L, Di Silvio M, Schalch P, Esperante S, Infante PL, et al. Fibrin glue: an alternative technique for nerve coaptation—part II (Nerve regeneration and histomorphometric assessment). J Reconstr Microsurg. 2006;22:123–128
  22. Martins RS, Siqueira MG, Da Silva CF, Plese JP. Overall assessment of regeneration in peripheral nerve lesion repair using fibrin glue, suture, or a combination of the 2 techniques in a rat model (Which is the ideal choice?). Surg Neurol. 2005;64(Suppl 1):10–16discussion 16
  23. Bozorg Grayeli A, Mosnier I, Julien N, El Garem H, Bouccara D, Sterkers O. Long-term functional outcome in facial nerve graft by fibrin glue in the temporal bone and cerebellopontine angle. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;262:404–407
  24. Lundborg G, Rosen B, Dahlin L, Holmberg J, Rosen I. Tubular repair of the median or ulnar nerve in the human forearm: a 5-year follow-up. J Hand Surg. 2004;29B:100–107
  25. Danielsen N, Varon S. Characterization of neurotrophic activity in the silicone-chamber model for nerve regeneration. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1995;11:231–235
  26. Williams LR, Longo FM, Powell HC, Lundborg G, Varon S. Spatial-temporal progress of peripheral nerve regeneration within a silicone chamber: parameters for a bioassay. J Comp Neurol. 1983;218:460–470
  27. Weber RA, Breidenbach WC, Brown RE, Jabaley ME, Mass DP. A randomized prospective study of polyglycolic acid conduits for digital nerve reconstruction in humans. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;106:1036–1045discussion 1046–1048
  28. Bindra R. Role of conduits in digital nerve reconstruction. In:  Slutsky D editors. Upper extremity nerve repair—tips and techniques. Rosemont, IL: American Society for Surgery of the Hand; 2008;p. 275–282
  29. Battiston B, Geuna S, Ferrero M, Tos P. Nerve repair by means of tubulization: literature review and personal clinical experience comparing biological and synthetic conduits for sensory nerve repair. Microsurgery. 2005;25:258–267
  30. de Ruiter GC, Spinner RJ, Yaszemski MJ, Windebank AJ, Malessy MJ. Nerve tubes for peripheral nerve repair. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2009;20:91–105vii
  31. Bushnell BD, McWilliams AD, Whitener GB, Messer TM. Early clinical experience with collagen nerve tubes in digital nerve repair. J Hand Surg. 2008;33A:1081–1087
  32. Bertleff MJ, Meek MF, Nicolai JP. A prospective clinical evaluation of biodegradable neurolac nerve guides for sensory nerve repair in the hand. J Hand Surg. 2005;30A:513–518
  33. Inada Y, Morimoto S, Takakura Y, Nakamura T. Regeneration of peripheral nerve gaps with a polyglycolic acid-collagen tube. Neurosurgery. 2004;55:640–646discussion 646–648
  34. Seo K, Inada Y, Terumitsu M, Nakamura T, Horiuchi K, Inada I, et al. One year outcome of damaged lingual nerve repair using a PGA-collagen tube: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66:1481–1484
  35. Hung V, Dellon AL. Reconstruction of a 4-cm human median nerve gap by including an autogenous nerve slice in a bioabsorbable nerve conduit: case report. J Hand Surg. 2008;33A:313–315
  36. Donoghoe N, Rosson GD, Dellon AL. Reconstruction of the human median nerve in the forearm with the Neurotube. Microsurgery. 2007;27:595–600
  37. Moore AM, Kasukurthi R, Magill CK, Farhadi HF, Borschel GH, Mackinnon SE. Limitations of conduits in peripheral nerve repairs. Hand (N Y). 2009;4:180–186
  38. Mackinnon SE, Doolabh VB, Novak CB, Trulock EP. Clinical outcome following nerve allograft transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107:1419–1429
  39. Krekoski CA, Neubauer D, Zuo J, Muir D. Axonal regeneration into acellular nerve grafts is enhanced by degradation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. J Neurosci. 2001;21:6206–6213
  40. Hudson TW, Zawko S, Deister C, Lundy S, Hu CY, Lee K, et al. Optimized acellular nerve graft is immunologically tolerated and supports regeneration. Tissue Eng. 2004;10:1641–1651
  41. Whitlock EL, Tuffaha SH, Luciano JP, Yan Y, Hunter DA, Magill CK, et al. Processed allografts and type I collagen conduits for repair of peripheral nerve gaps. Muscle Nerve. 2009;39:787–799
  42. Karabekmez FE, Duymaz A, Moran SL. Early clinical outcomes with the use of decellularized nerve allograft for repair of sensory defects within the hand. Hand (N Y). 2009;4:245–249
  43. Nichols CM, Brenner MJ, Fox IK, Tung TH, Hunter DA, Rickman SR, et al. Effects of motor versus sensory nerve grafts on peripheral nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol. 2004;190:347–355
  44. Moradzadeh A, Borschel GH, Luciano JP, Whitlock EL, Hayashi A, Hunter DA, et al. The impact of motor and sensory nerve architecture on nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol. 2008;212:370–376
  45. Frykman G, Gramyk K. Results of nerve grafting. In:  Gelberman R editors. Operative nerve repair and reconstruction. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1991;p. 553–568
  46. Secer HI, Daneyemez M, Gonul E, Izci Y. Surgical repair of ulnar nerve lesions caused by gunshot and shrapnel: results in 407 lesions. J Neurosurg. 2007;107:776–783
  47. Lundborg G, Rosen B. Sensory relearning after nerve repair. Lancet. 2001;358:809–810
  48. Ruijs AC, Jaquet JB, Kalmijn S, Giele H, Hovius SE. Median and ulnar nerve injuries: a meta-analysis of predictors of motor and sensory recovery after modern microsurgical nerve repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116:484–494discussion 495–496
  49. Teboul F, Kakkar R, Ameur N, Beaulieu JY, Oberlin C. Transfer of fascicles from the ulnar nerve to the nerve to the biceps in the treatment of upper brachial plexus palsy. J Bone Joint Surg. 2004;86A:1485–1490
  50. Novak CB, Mackinnon SE. Distal anterior interosseous nerve transfer to the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve for reconstruction of high ulnar nerve injuries. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2002;18:459–464
  51. Leechavengvongs S, Witoonchart K, Uerpairojkit C, Thuvasethakul P, Malungpaishrope K. Combined nerve transfers for C5 and C6 brachial plexus avulsion injury. J Hand Surg. 2006;31A:183–189

 J.I. is a consultant for Axogen, Inc.

PII: S0363-5023(09)01110-1

doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.12.009

Journal of Hand Surgery
Volume 35, Issue 3 , Pages 491-497 , March 2010