Journal of Hand Surgery
Volume 33, Issue 2 , Pages 277-280 , February 2008

The Morphological Basis of the Arm-to-Wing Transition

  • Samuel O. Poore, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author: Samuel O. Poore, MD, PhD, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, CSC G5/361, Madison, WI 53792-3236

Received 4 August 2007 ,Accepted 26 November 2007.

References 

  1. Hitti PK. History of the Arabs (Rev). In: 10th ed.. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; 2002;p. 1–848
  2. Slater J. Dr. Deadalus: a radical plastic surgeon wants to give you wings. Harpers Monthly. 2001;303:57–59
  3. Prum RO. Development and evolutionary origin of feathers. J Exp Zool. 1999;285:291–306
  4. Prum RO, Brush AH. The evolutionary origin and diversification of feathers. Q Rev Biol. 2002;77:261–295
  5. Chiappe LM. The first 85 million years of avian evolution. [review] Nature. 1995;378:349–355
  6. Poore SO, Sanchez-Haiman A, Goslow GE. Wing upstroke and the evolution of flapping flight. Nature. 1997;387:799–802
  7. Chiappe LM, Witmer LM. Mesozoic Birds—Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. In: Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 2002;p. 1–550
  8. Baumel JJ, Witmer LM. Osteologica. In:  Baumel JJ,  King AM,  Breazo JE,  Evans HE editor. Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium. Cambridge, MA: Nutall Ornithological Club; 1993;p. 175–219
  9. Poore SO, Ashcroft A, Sanchez-Haiman A, Goslow GE. The contractile properties of the M-supracoracoideus in the pigeon and starling: a case for long-axis rotation of the humerus. J Exp Biol. 1997;200:2987–3002
  10. Prum RO, Dyck J. A hierarchical model of plumage: morphology, development, and evolution. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 2003;298:73–90
  11. Prum RO, Andersson S, Torres RH. Coherent scattering of ultraviolet light by avian feather barbs. Auk. 2003;120:163–170
  12. Vazquez RJ. The automating skeletal and muscular mechanisms of the avian wing (aves). Zoomorphology. 1995;114:59–71
  13. Cheng C. The development of the shoulder region of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana, with special reference to the musculature. J Morphol. 1955;97:415–471
  14. Sokoloff AJ, Goslow GE. Neuromuscular organization of avian flight muscle: architecture of single muscle fibres in muscle units of the pectoralis (pars thoracicus) of pigeon (Columba livia). Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. 1999;354:917–925
  15. Sokoloff AJ, Ryan JM, Valerie E, Goslow GE. Neuromuscular organization of avian flight muscle—morphology and contractile properties of motor units. J Morphol. 1998;236:179–208
  16. Norberg UM. Vertebrate Flight: Mechanics, Physiology, Morphology and Evolution (Zoophysiology). In: Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1990;p. 1–291
  17. Greenwalt CM. Dimensional relationships for flying animals. Smithson Misc Collns. 1962;144:1–46
  18. Watts P, Carrier DR. Human flight and exercise in microgravity. J Gravit Physiol. 2000;7:P31–P34
  19. Hartman FA. Locomotor mechanisms of birds. Smithson Misc Collns. 1961;143:1–91
  20. Sy M. Functionell-anatomische untersuchungen am vogleflugel. J Ornithol. 1936;84:199–296

 S.O.P. would like to sincerely thank Mike Bentz, Karol Gutowski, and James Chang, whose encouragement and suggestions strengthened this article considerably. Also, S.O.P. would also like to thank Ted Goslow—functional morphologist, friend, and most importantly, teacher.

 No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article.

PII: S0363-5023(07)01042-8

doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.11.020

Journal of Hand Surgery
Volume 33, Issue 2 , Pages 277-280 , February 2008